The results of the 2012 questionnaire are presented and compared with the questionnaire results of the exact same group of doctors in 2011. To evaluate the recent trend in the choice of fillers and injection techniques among leading dermatologists in Asia and offer guidance to those who practice facial fillers.Ī panel of dermatologists, who are recognized as filler experts and key speakers in Korea were asked to fill out an in-depth questionnaire on fillers in 2012. Given the vast array of filler products and techniques currently available, choosing the right product and technique can be overwhelming to those with little experience. These spores are carried by wind to infect nearby pine needles.With recognition of the value of volume enhancement in achieving a more youthful appearance, there has been concomitant explosion in the soft tissue filler market. In fall, a different, dark brown spore type is formed on the aster. These spores can only re-infect another member of the aster family and cannot infect pine needles. Infected leaves of plants in the aster family produce powdery, yellow-orange spores on the lower leaf surface all summer long.
Instead, they are carried by wind to infect the leaves of a susceptible member of the aster family. The spores produced on pine needles cannot re-infect other pine needles. These structures split open and release powdery, orange spores. Yellow-to-orange, spore producing structures appear as spots or bands on infected pine needles in early spring.īy early summer, white, tube-like structures rise from the spots and produce spores. The needle rust fungus survives winter within living plant tissue including infected pine needles and infected leaves at the crown of plants in the aster family. The needle rust fungus creates multiple, unique types of spores that all play a different role in this complex life cycle and allow it to move between pine trees and plants in the aster family.Īll of these spore types need moisture on leaves and needles to start a new infection. asterum needs two different host plants to complete its life cycle. One plant from the Pinaceae family and the other from the Asteraceae family.
Pine needle rust is caused by the fungus Coleosporium asterum. Plants affected by Pine needle rust in Minnesota Pines Powdery, yellow-orange spores are produced on the lower leaf surface all summer long.ĭark brown spores appear within leaf spots on the lower leaf surface in late summer and fall. Infected leaves develop yellow leaf spots on the upper leaf surface and raised orange spore-filled pustules on the lower leaf surface. Lower branches of young trees are most severely affected. Severe infection causes needles to die, turn brown and fall off. Infected needles may remain attached for several years. In late spring to early summer, tiny, raised, white tubes form on needles breaking open to release powdery, orange spores. Needles turn partly or completely yellow. Yellow-to-orange spots or bands appear on green needles in spring. Spore producing structures sticking out on needles infected with pine needle rust Symptoms on host plants in Pinaceae